The immune system in atherosclerosis and in acute myocardial infarction

Despite improved treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide.1 Treatment of traditional risk factors, mainly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is the foundation of atherosclerotic risk reduction. However, a considerable residual risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) still exists despite reducing LDL cholesterol.2 Beyond traditional risk factors, other […]

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a severe manifestation of systemic atherosclerotic disease that commonly refers to lower-extremity arterial involvement. The global burden of PAD is estimated to involve over 200 million patients, with prevalence increasing by 24% over the past decade.1 In contrast to myocardial infarction and stroke, which are declining in the USA, the […]

There are several beneficial effects of statins on the progression of atherosclerosis, and there have been significant advancements in pharmacotherapies for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, substantial residual cardiovascular (CV) risk remains, and there is an unmet need to reduce the residual risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events.1 There is increased focus on the role […]